Robert Lee’s 1862 Maryland campaign in the Civil War

On a warm Saturday people flock to Harpers Ferry even after fall color has long passed its peak. Most would, as I did every time, take a steep hike to Maryland Heights to get a bird’s eye view of the Western Virginian town at the confluence of the Potomac and Shenandoah Rivers. Its natural beauty, in Thomas Jefferson’s words, is “worth a voyage across the Atlantic for.”

There are actually many trails in this small town, and you can easily make some discoveries following any of its streets on the hills.

A modern home perched high up above the river with a shiny Tesla parked in the front yard. Well-maintained stone-structured old houses. A dilapidated but once glamorous hotel overlooking the Potomac (hopefully soon to be restored to its old day grandeur). Stone stairs, part of the Appalachian trails, leading to St. Peter’s Roman Catholic Church (which is almost two century old) on the edge of the cliff above the Shenandoah River, an expansive cemetery (a vantage point itself), and Loudoun Heights in Virginia (if you continue). Of course, historic armory and arsenal factory sites on the river’s bank, past efforts of flood control to protect them, and railroads that used to connect the Government’s industrial town. In its busy downtown, you are likely to be seduced by a tantalizing aroma from some eatery and indulge your sweet tooth, as I am (by a young couple’s juicy beef brisket and homemade ginger cookies).


Indeed, there is so much to take in and so many threads of thought fired up by the town’s rich history that it is hard to focus. Harpers Ferry is not only a place where the two rivers meet but also where the land is divided. Situated between Maryland, a Union state, and Virginia occupied by the Confederacy, it was deeply connected to the Civil War. The town changed hands fourteen times during the war.

Following his victory in the northern Virginia campaign (July 19 – September 1, 1862), especially the Second Battle of Bull Run in Manassas (August 29–30), Robert Lee led his army further north and launched a military campaign into Maryland in 1862 (September 1920). Confederate General Stonewall Jackson captured the Federal garrison and arsenal in Harpers Ferry (September 12–15).

The Maryland campaign trails with more than 60 Civil War sites. Lee began moving his army from Chantilly towards Leesburg on September 3, two days after the Battle of Chantilly. On September 4, the army crossed into Maryland from Loudoun County with the main body advancing into Frederick on September 7. His goal was to reach the major Northern states of Maryland and Pennsylvania and cut off the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad line that supplied Washington, DC.

Shepherdstown in West Virginia where the last battle fought by Lee’s rear guard (September 19-20) and ended Lee’s 1862 Maryland campaign. Unlike many other WV towns, it looks quite nice today, perhaps owing to the presence of a university.
Across the Potomac in Maryland, the Antietam National Battlefield is vast and feels somber just after sunset. It was here that Lee’s Maryland campaign culminated in a bloody battle on September 17 with over 22,000 casualties incurred in a single day. On September 18, Lee ordered his troops to withdraw from the battlefield and abandoned the invasion of Maryland. President Lincoln issued the Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation on September 22, granting freedom to the slaves in the Confederate States if the states would not return to the Union by January 1, 1863. This declaration changed the character of the war by making abolition of slavery an objective, in addition to preserving the Union, of the war.